Bhang is an edible mixture created from the flowers, buds, and leaves of the female marijuana or cannabis plant. In India, it has been incorporated into food and beverages for thousands of years and is an integral part of Hindu religious traditions, ceremonies, and celebrations, such as the well-known spring festival of Holi.
Bhang is also significant in Ayurvedic medicine and is advocated as a treatment for several conditions, such as nausea, vomiting, and bodily pain. While Thakurs historically consumed liquor, alcohol was considered forbidden for Brahmins and Banias – bhang was the sole type of socially accepted intoxicant and played a significant role as a key source of relaxation and amusement.
In today’s article, we discuss bhang’s historical significance in Indian culture and religious festivities, its medicinal uses, and the possible risks of consuming bhang.
Table of Contents
- What is Bhang?
- The Interesting History of Bhang in India
- How Does Bhang Affect the Brain?
- Bhang – Medicinal Uses Proven by Research
- Bhang in Indian Traditional Medicine, Ayurveda
- Possible Risks of Using Bhang
- Conclusion
What is Bhang?
Bhang has been a part of Indian edibles, medicines, and festivals for centuries. Bhang is widely grown in the states of Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and the Sub-Himalayan regions.
Bhang is essentially a blend created by drying, grinding, and soaking the buds and leaves of the Cannabis sativa plant to produce a paste that is mixed into food and beverages. It is often made with Sanskrit prayers and chants, incorporating a ceremonial element to its use.
Food and beverages infused with bhang can be bought from street vendors (bhang shops) as well as from government-sanctioned stores. However, the Indian National Policy on Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances (1985) allows only the inclusion of the leaves and excludes any other parts of the cannabis plant.
A typical method of ingesting bhang is by mixing it with curd and whey — the solid and liquid components of milk that divide when milk curdles — to create a drink known as bhang lassi.
Another well-known choice is bhang goli, a beverage made from freshly ground cannabis blended with water.
Bhang can likewise be mixed with sugar and ghee – a clarified butter typically utilised in India — to create sweet delicacies.
The Interesting History of Bhang in India
The cultivation of bhang has been integrated into Indian culture since the Vedas era, as mentioned in ancient texts from 1500 BC and beyond.
Indian archaeologists and culinary anthropologists state that bhang, especially the Cannabis indica variety, is a native plant that has existed for more than 3,000 years in the subcontinent.
Nevertheless, the country features various types of cannabis, with each area, ranging from the northern state of Himachal Pradesh to the southern state of Kerala, possessing hybrid cannabis varieties.
Bhang as Mentioned in Hindu Religious Scriptures
The Atharva Veda identifies cannabis as one of the five most revered plants on Earth, stating that a protective spirit dwells within its leaves. It likewise describes it as a “source of joy,” a “bringer of happiness,” and a “freedom-provider.” In the Sushruta Samhita, it is utilised to support digestion and stimulate appetite.
The Religious and Cultural Significance of Bhang
Bhang carries significant cultural and religious importance for Indians. For instance, Holi, the yearly Hindu Festival of Colous, is associated with different Indian deities such as Krishna, Radha, and Vishnu, and bhang is particularly associated with the narrative of Shiva (the Mahadeo or great god of the Hindu trinity).
As per legend, during the “churning of the ocean of milk” (samudra manthan), a ritual performed by Hindu deities to acquire an elixir of immortality (amrit), it is said that cannabis sprouted wherever the drops of this elixir landed on the ground. A related story suggests that this turmoil resulted in the formation of a poison that Lord Shiva was called upon to consume. His partner Parvati provided bhang to ease the discomfort.
Hence, it’s not unexpected that some branches of Shaivism incorporate cannabis in Shiva worship, and because Holi is associated with him, it’s seen as a time to enjoy bhang.
Bhang as a Part of Religious Festivities
Indians have been incorporating bhang into their food and drinks since around 1000 BC, and this tradition continues to be observed during Holi, Maha Shivaratri, and Ambubachi Mela in Guwahati. It is also consumed by the Sikh Nihangs during Hola Mohalla, in remembrance of the Sikh fighters who often consumed bhang during battles to fight better and numb their sense of pain.
The beverages bhang lassi and bhang thandai, the latter meaning “cooling off,” are particularly popular during Holi. Bhang’s use during these festivities is frequently regarded as a way to ensure painlessness and relaxation, in addition to facilitating the achievement of inner tranquillity.
Bhang thandai, particularly famous during Holi, is a blend of almonds, cardamom, fennel seeds, rose petals, black pepper, poppy seeds, saffron, milk, and bhang. The resulting beverage can vary from slightly to moderately intoxicating. With subtle hints of spices, suggesting the end of Fall-Winter, and refreshing floral tones of rose jam, hinting at the arrival of Spring-Summer; This is one beverage that embodies the change of the season.
Bhang in Indian Film and Music
Indian cinema frequently portrays bhang in different ways, from festivities and celebrations to intricate stories examining its cultural and social influence. The representation can vary from cheerful, festive depictions to solemn examinations of its possible applications and outcomes.
Movies such as “Charas” (1976) and the recent “Charas” (2004) are examples of films that delve into the topics of cannabis and its different aspects, encompassing its legal and societal effects.
Additionally, many Indian film songs mention or illustrate the use of bhang, especially during Holi festivities. For instance, the song Balam Pichkari from Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani (2013) says: “Why is this so enjoyable, you have blended bhang into the air.”
Other examples include Bhang Ke Nashe from Koyla (1997), Zara Si Aur Pila Do Bhang (1968), and the extremely famous Rang Barse from Silsila (1981) where the lyrics don’t directly reference bhang, but the song shows Amitabh Bachchan enjoying thandai.
Moreover, songs such as Aaj Na Chhodenge from Kati Patang (1970) and Hori Khele Raghuveera from Baghban (2003) feature scenes of individuals crushing the cannabis plant to prepare bhang paste.
How Does Bhang Affect the Brain?
The calming and euphoric sensations one experiences after consuming bhang arise from the psychoactive compounds in bhang or its ability to change the functioning of our brain and nervous system. These effects result from cannabinoids, which are the main chemical components of the Cannabis sativa plant.
Cannabinoids and endocannabinoids (cannabinoids your body produces naturally) interact with cannabinoid receptors in your body via a complex signalling system known as the endocannabinoid system. These interactions help regulate various physiological and psychological functions such as immunity, learning, memory, decision-making, and motor control.
The Active Components in Bhang
Despite bhang having numerous cannabinoids, the two most extensively researched are:
- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is the main psychoactive element in cannabis, causes consumers of bhang to experience a “high” after consuming specific foods and beverages.
- Cannabidiol (CBD), which is the main component thought to account for the health advantages linked to bhang, is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid.
Bhang – Medicinal Uses Proven by Research
Research over the years has discovered various medicinal uses of cannabis.
Reduce Nausea and Vomiting During Chemotherapy
The effects of bhang in preventing nausea and vomiting have been most studied in individuals receiving chemotherapy for cancer.
In a study of 23 randomised controlled trials, individuals receiving chemotherapy for cancer were administered cannabis-based products, standard anti-nausea medications, or a placebo.
Results showed that individuals receiving cannabis-infused products were nearly three times less prone to suffer from nausea and vomiting than those who received a placebo. Additionally, these products seemed to be equally effective as standard anti-nausea drugs.
Likewise, various reviews noted substantial evidence that cannabinoids successfully alleviated nausea and vomiting, especially in adults receiving chemotherapy.
Reduce Pain
Pain relief is probably the most common therapeutic application of cannabis products such as bhang, and numerous studies back its efficacy.
An analysis of 28 randomised controlled trials found that cannabinoids were beneficial in managing chronic pain and pain related to the nervous system.
A separate review of 18 randomised controlled trials indicated that cannabinoids might be particularly helpful in alleviating chronic pain related to fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis.
Reduce Seizures and Muscle Spasms
Research also indicates that bhang products could alleviate muscle spasms in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), a medical condition that primarily impacts the brain and spinal cord, frequently leading to muscle spasms.
Two studies indicate that cannabinoids were superior to placebo in alleviating muscle spasms in individuals with MS. Cannabis-derived products might also help reduce seizures, particularly in individuals who do not respond to other therapies.
An analysis of four randomised controlled trials indicated that products containing CBD might aid in decreasing seizures in children with a drug-resistant form of epilepsy (a seizure disorder).
In a different study, 9 mg of CBD for every pound (20 mg for each kg) of body weight daily was 1.7 times more effective than a placebo in halving the number of seizures experienced by individuals with epilepsy.
However, additional research is required to verify these effects.
Some other extensively researched uses of bhang include:
- Protection against cancer: Test-tube research and animal studies indicate that cannabinoids might kill or inhibit the proliferation of specific cancer cells.
- Improve Sleep and Sleep Disturbances: Bhang might alleviate sleep issues, especially those linked to sleep apnea, chronic pain, multiple sclerosis, and fibromyalgia.
- Could Lessen Inflammation: Test-tube and animal studies suggest that bhang’s compounds might alleviate inflammation prevalent in numerous diseases such as arthritis and skin diseases.
- May Improve Appetite: As mentioned previously as well, this is among the most frequent uses of bhang. This could help individuals looking to increase or sustain their weight.
Bhang in Indian Traditional Medicine, Ayurveda
Traditional Ayurvedic texts such as the Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Dhanwantari Nighantu, and Rasatarangini mention bhang during the Mediaeval period and view the cannabis plant as having various therapeutic properties.
In Ayurveda, bhang has been referred to as the “penicillin of Ayurvedic medicine.” The Ayurvedic terms for cannabis are “vijaya” (the conqueror) and “siddhi” (subtle strength or accomplishment).
When taken in the appropriate amount, bhang has been shown to yield positive results without adverse effects. However, it is essential to consult an Ayurvedic practitioner prior to consuming bhang or any other Ayurvedic remedy.
Divisions of the Cannabis Plant
Ayurveda distinguishes among three healing components of the cannabis plant. They exert slightly different effects on the body and are referred to by distinct names.
- Bhang refers to the leaves from both male and female plants, and in some areas of India, the term is also applied to the flowers of the male plant.
- Ganja refers to the blossoms of the female plant.
- Charas denotes the resin that naturally flows from the plant’s leaves, stems, and fruits found in mountainous regions at altitudes of 2,000 to 3,000 metres.
However, there is some ambiguity surrounding the names in India, particularly in South and West India, where the distinction in meaning between bhang and ganja has nearly vanished. The term ganja is now commonly used to refer to the cannabis plant overall, encompassing the leaves, while the name bhang is sometimes assigned to a beverage made from ganja.
Benefits of Bhang in Ayurveda
According to Ayurvedic beliefs, various sections of the cannabis plant can promote digestion, function as pain relievers, stimulate the nervous system, and exhibit sedative, spasmolytic, diuretic, and aphrodisiac properties.
The plant is considered particularly effective in managing conditions such as:
- Shulahara (pain management)
- Anidra (insomnia)
- Grahani (irritable bowel syndrome)
- Kashtartava (dysmenorrhea)
- Ardhavbhedaka (migraine)
Bhang is used to manage high blood pressure, although this therapy is usually of limited duration until high blood pressure is corrected with other Ayurvedic measures. It is also used for lowering intraocular pressure (glaucoma) and for short-term stimulation of the nervous system.
Certain martial artists in northern India, mainly wrestlers, take bhang thandai to ensure long-term concentration during exhausting all-day practice and to help the body ingest enormous quantities of food, without losing its digestive power (as their art demands the body to be as heavy as possible).
Bhang is also used to treat dandruff as a preventive measure against parasites in hair. In certain cases, it is also used for earaches and against bacterial inflammations and infestations of the ear.
Ayurvedic medicine also uses bhang as a diuretic and uses it for treating inflammations of the bladder and kidney stones.
Dried cannabis leaf powder is commonly applied to fresh wounds to promote healing (new granulation tissue development). Moreover, a poultice of crushed fresh cannabis leaves is used on the skin in cases of different skin infections, rashes, erysipelas, Herpes zoster, Chickenpox, and eczema to reduce pain and itching.
Combined with other herbs, bhang can be used against diarrhoea. For this purpose, it is most usually combined with nutmeg and honey. When combined with digestive herbs like cumin, fennel, anise, etc., bhang can be excellent for stimulating appetite and digestion.
Additionally, when combined with aphrodisiac herbs and foods such as almonds, walnuts, sesame seeds, and saffron, bhang becomes an excellent aphrodisiac. On the other hand, mixing bhang with tobacco diminishes appetite and acts as an anti-aphrodisiac.
Possible Risks of Using Bhang
While it is primarily recognised for inducing euphoric feelings, bhang can also trigger panic, fear, or depression in certain individuals. Additionally, because of its psychoactive properties, it can impair short-term memory, coordination, and judgement when taken in large quantities.
Children and adolescents should refrain from using bhang and other cannabis products unless they are prescribed for medical purposes. Excessive or prolonged consumption of bhang, particularly when ingested during youth, can affect brain growth and diminish overall life satisfaction.
Cannabis products could elevate the chances of experiencing specific disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, paranoia, or psychosis, particularly in individuals predisposed to these conditions.
Additionally, taking bhang during pregnancy or while nursing may elevate the chances of early delivery, low birth weight, and inadequate brain development in the baby.
Ingesting bhang in food or beverages also delays its absorption, potentially making it difficult to assess and modify its consumption. This may elevate the chances of overdosing, leading to an irregular heartbeat, extremely low blood pressure, and disorientation.
Moreover, the use of bhang by individuals with cardiovascular disease presents increased health dangers. This is due to bhang’s ability to elevate cardiac workload, carboxyhaemoglobin, and postural hypotension (elevated blood pressure).
Based on “virya” (Ayurvedic fundamental energy), the prolonged usage of bhang dehydrates the body. With moderate use, it initially acts as a stimulant for the nervous system and a strong aphrodisiac, but later its effects become sedating.
Consistent, long-term cannabis use results in an imbalance of the three fundamental physiological energies in the body (as identified by Ayurveda) – vata, pitta, and kapha – leading to issues such as persistent poor digestion, sadness, sexual dysfunction, and weight loss.
Conclusion
Bhang has been a vital element of Indian culture and Ayurveda for hundreds of years. It is commonly depicted in Indian films and songs, as well as celebrated during Holi. Ayurvedic scripts mention various benefits of bhang and regard it as a holy plant.
Although bhang has numerous scientifically validated health advantages when consumed in moderation, it is important to be cautious when consuming it. It is advisable to use bhang for health advantages under the supervision of a respected Ayurveda or medical healthcare professional.
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